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Saturday, December 21 is the shortest day of the year so we thought it would be a good time to appreciate the history of light bulbs. We walk into a dark room and flick a light switch and don’t think anything of it. But you are using one of the greatest inventions ever made. The light bulb led to new energy breakthroughs — from power plants and electric transmission lines to home appliances and electric motors. Research on the bulbs began more than 150 years ago and like most great inventions, the light bulb can’t be credited to one inventor. It was a series of small improvements on the ideas of previous inventors that have led to the light bulbs we use in our homes today. Here’s a timeline of key events and the evolution of our lighting. If you cannot read the graphic the text is below. You can learn more about global energy trends here. 1803 — 1809: First arc lamp created Humphry Davy demonstrated the first incandescent light to the Royal Institute in Great Britain, using a bank of batteries and two charcoal rods. Arc lamps provided many cities with their first electric streetlights. 1835: First constant electric light demonstrated James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric light at a public meeting in Scotland. Some have credited him with being the inventor of the incandescent light bulb. 1850 — 1859: Lightning in a tube In the 19th century, two Germans discovered that they could produce light by removing almost all of the air from a long glass tube and passing an electrical current through it. Called Geissler tubes, they became the basis of many lighting technologies including fluorescent lights. 1877 — 1885: Competition for the incandescent light bulb heats up Inventors all across the world — including William Sawyer and Albon Man in the U.S. and Joseph Swan in England — worked on creating an electric incandescent lamp. 1882: Developing the lighting system Thomas Edison focused on the entire lighting grid, showing that it was possible to distribute electricity from a centrally located generator with the Holborn Viaduct in London and developing the first commercial power utility in lower Manhattan. 1901: Precursor to fluorescent lights Peter Cooper Hewitt created a blue-green light by passing an electric current through mercury vapor. The lights had few suitable uses because of the color but were one of the precursors to fluorescent lights. 1904: Out with the carbon filament and in with the tungsten In 1904, incandescent lamps with tungsten filaments appear on the European market. These bulbs lasted longer, were brighter and more efficient than lamps with carbon filaments. 1908: Edison screws Part of Edison’s contribution to the light bulb was the socket he developed, which today is called the Edison Screw. By 1908, it was the most commonly used light bulb socket used, and today, it is used for almost all residential lighting applications. 1913: Doubling the efficiency of incandescents Irving Langmuir discovered that filling a light bulb with inert gas-like nitrogen instead of vacuuming out the air doubled the light bulb’s efficiency. 1926 — 1934: Neon tubes By the late 1920s and early 1930s, European researchers were doing experiments with neon tubes coated with phosphors. Word of these experiments helped spark fluorescent lamp research in the U.S. 1951: Fluorescents overtake incandescents By 1951, more light in the U.S. was being produced by linear fluorescent lamps than incandescent — a change that was led by the need for efficient lighting during World War II. 1962: First light-emitting diode (LED) is invented While working for General Electric, Nick Holonyak Jr., invented the first visible-spectrum LED in the form of red diodes. Pale yellow and green diodes were invented next. 1973: Energy is not cheap The 1973 oil crisis marked a turning point in U.S. energy consumption because energy was no longer cheap. Researchers rose to the challenge and began developing fluorescent bulbs for residential use. 1976: Fluorescent bulbs go spiral In 1976, Edward Hammer at General Electric figured out how to bend the fluorescent tube into a spiral shape, creating the first compact fluorescent light. 1978: LEDs appear in consumer products As researchers improved red diodes and their manufacturing, companies began incorporating them into consumer products such as calculator displays and indicator lights. 1985: First compact fluorescent lamp hits the market Early CFLs hit the market in the mid-1980s and ranged from $25-$35 a bulb. 1994: First blue, then white LEDs The invention of the blue diode in the 1990s quickly led to the discovery of white LEDs. Shortly thereafter, researchers demonstrated white light using red, green and blue LEDs. This leads to development of high-definition flat screen TVs. 2000: Energy Department works to push LEDs forward In 2000, the Energy Department partnered with private industry to push white LED technology forward by creating a high-efficiency packaged LED device. 2002 — 2008: First residential LED bulb hits the market By 2008, there were just a few LED replacement bulbs on the market, and most were 25-40 watt equivalents. 2012: 49 million LED products installed In 2012 alone, more than 49 million LED products were installed in the U.S., saving about $675 million in annual energy costs. 2013: CFLs for as little as $1.74 Nearly 30 years after CFLs were first introduced on the market, their costs have dropped to as low as $1.74 a bulb. They also use about 75% less energy than incandescents and last about 10 times longer. 2013: LED costs drop dramatically Since 2008, the cost of LED bulbs has fallen more than 85%, and most recently, a number of retailers announced that they will be selling LEDs at $10 or less. Sources: U.S. Department of Energy , Edison Tech Center, The International Energy Agency, The Franklin Institute, Constellation EnergyIt's looking like 2025 is going to be an important year for Apple, with the company planning to revamp the iPhone , push further into smart home products, and improve Apple Intelligence . There are tons of new products rumored for 2025, including new iPhones, M4 Macs, a smart home command center, and much more. We've highlighted the top five Apple products that will have the biggest impact in 2025. iPhone 17 "Air" There's a new, super thin ‌iPhone‌ planned for 2025, and while we don't know what Apple will call it, rumors have taken to referring to it as the iPhone 17 Air. It's a fitting name, because it won't be as powerful or as pricey as the Pro models, but it will be more expensive than the standard ‌iPhone 17‌. Rumors suggest the ‌iPhone 17‌ Air will be somewhere around 6mm thick, which will make it the thinnest ‌iPhone‌ to date. For reference, Apple's iPhone 16 Pro is 8.25mm thick, so we're looking at a good 2mm difference. The new ‌iPhone‌ is rumored to have a 6.6-inch display, coming in between the ‌iPhone 17‌ and ‌iPhone 17‌ Pro Max in size. It will only have a single-lens 48-megapixel rear camera because of space constraints, and it's going to be one of the first devices to feature Apple's new 5G modem. We're still getting a regular ‌iPhone 17‌, but there won't be an ‌iPhone 17‌ Plus this year. Apple also plans to sell the ‌iPhone 17‌ Air alongside ‌iPhone 17‌ Pro and Pro Max models, and rumors suggest there are some design changes coming to those models, too. So far, it sounds like we're going to get a half-aluminum half-glass design for the back panel that could improve durability, plus the camera setup could get a redesign. All four iPhones in 2025 will get A19 chips, and ProMotion 120Hz display technology isn't going to be limited to the Pro models anymore. You can read more about the features rumored for the ‌iPhone 17‌ lineup in our iPhone 17 roundup . AirPods Pro 3 Apple refreshed the AirPods 4 in 2024, and in 2025, we'll get an AirPods Pro update. Apple is rumored to be updating the design, but just what the earbuds will look like remains unclear. The ‌AirPods 4‌ got a slimmed down case, so that could be what we see for the AirPods Pro 3 too. Both sound quality and Active Noise Cancellation are expected to improve, mostly due to Apple unveiling a next-generation H series chip. Apple hasn't introduced a new audio chip for some time now, so it will be exciting to see what features an update will bring. There have been some rumors about heart rate tracking and temperature monitoring coming to the ‌AirPods Pro‌ at some point, so that's a possibility as well. More on what we've heard about the ‌AirPods Pro 3‌ can be found in our guide . Apple Command Center Apple plans to unveil a small, square-shaped home "Command Center" device that will be used for controlling smart home devices, FaceTime calls, watching videos, and more. It essentially sounds like it's going to be Apple's version of the Echo Show. The six-inch device will be small enough to take from room to room, and you can use it on a tabletop or mount it on the wall. It will hopefully be affordable enough that you can have multiple devices across different rooms, streamlining the increasing number of smart home products many of us have in our homes. The Command Center will have standard Apple apps like Home, Calendar, Apple Music , Apple News , and Apple Photos , but Apple isn't making a dedicated App Store for it. You'll be able to use it for video calls, and expect deep ‌Apple Intelligence‌ integration. iPhone SE 4 Apple is finally ready to refresh its low-cost ‌iPhone‌, and the iPhone SE 4 is going to get a lot of improvements that have the potential to make it an incredible value. Small screen sizes and Touch ID are a thing of the past, so the ‌iPhone SE‌ will have a 6.1-inch OLED display and Face ID . In fact, rumors suggest that it's modeled after the iPhone 14 . There will be a single-lens 48-megapixel rear camera, a notch for ‌Face ID‌, and a USB-C port for charging. The larger screen size, OLED display technology, ‌Face ID‌, and higher megapixel camera will all be new to the SE lineup. The device is also expected to be the first to get Apple's in-house 5G modem, and it is rumored to have the same A18 chip that's in the current iPhone 16 . The A18 chip supports ‌Apple Intelligence‌, so the ‌iPhone SE‌ will have Genmoji , Image Playground , Writing Tools, smarter Siri , and more, plus 8GB RAM is the minimum for ‌Apple Intelligence‌, so it's also going to get a big memory boost. When it launches, the ‌iPhone SE‌'s performance will be on par with the ‌iPhone 16‌, which is impressive for a low-cost ‌iPhone‌. There's been no word that Apple plans to raise prices, and we're still expecting the ‌iPhone SE‌ to cost less than $500. Siri Improvements In spring updates coming to iOS 18 , iPadOS 18 , and macOS Sequoia , Apple plans to add new functionality to ‌Siri‌, including onscreen awareness, personal context, and the ability for ‌Siri‌ to take more actions in and across apps. Onscreen awareness will let ‌Siri‌ see and understand what's on your display, so you can reference it in voice requests. If you're looking at a photo and want to send it to your friend Eric, for example, you will be able to say "Send this to Eric," and ‌Siri‌ will understand what "this" is. Personal context will allow ‌Siri‌ to do more with your personal data like emails and messages, learning more about you to be more helpful. ‌Siri‌ will know who you're communicating with, how you use your device, and will keep track of everything you have stored. Personal context will let ‌Siri‌ do things like find a specific message, locate a recent file, find content in emails like flight numbers, or remind you when you took a photo you're looking for. ‌Siri‌'s ability to do more in and across apps will majorly improve what ‌Siri‌ is capable of. You'll be able to move files from one app to another, edit photos with voice commands, and complete multi-step multi-app processes that ‌Siri‌ isn't currently capable of handling. In iOS 19 , coming in June, Apple plans to unveil LLM ‌Siri‌, or a version of ‌Siri‌ trained on a large language model. LLM training will make ‌Siri‌ more like ChatGPT and Google Gemini, allowing ‌Siri‌ to understand and generate natural, human-like language, perform complex tasks, and solve problems. While ‌iOS 18‌ will add helpful new ‌Siri‌ functionality, the real ‌Siri‌ evolution will come with iOS 19 and subsequent updates. Add Yours What are you looking forward to seeing from Apple in 2025? Let us know in the comments below.ISLAMABAD (AP) — Pakistani security forces launched an operation Tuesday night to disperse supporters of imprisoned former Prime Minister Imran Khan who had gathered in the capital to demand his release from prison. The latest development came hours after thousands of Khan supporters, defying government warnings, broke through a barrier of shipping containers blocking off Islamabad and entered a high-security zone, where they clashed with security forces, facing tear gas shelling, mass detentions and gunfire. Tension has been high in Islamabad since Sunday when supporters of the former prime minister began a “long march” from the restive northwest to demand his release. Khan has been in a prison for over a year and faces more than 150 criminal cases that his party says are politically motivated. Khan’s wife, Bushra Bibi, led the protest, but she fled as police pushed back against demonstrators. Hundreds of Khan’s supporters are being arrested in the ongoing nighttime operation, and police are also seeking to arrest Bibi. Interior Minister Mohsin Naqvi told reporters that the Red Zone, which houses government buildings and embassies, and the surrounding areas have been cleared. Leaders from Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf party, or PTI, have also fled the protest site. Earlier Tuesday, Pakistan’s army took control of D-Chowk, a large square in the Red Zone, where visiting Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko is staying. Since Monday, Naqvi had threatened that security forces would use live fire if protesters fired weapons at them. “We have now authorized the police to respond as necessary,” Naqvi said Tuesday while visiting the square. Before the operation began, protester Shahzor Ali said people had taken to the streets because Khan had called for them. “We will stay here until Khan joins us. He will decide what to do next,” Ali said. “If they fire bullets again, we will respond with bullets,” he said. Protester Fareeda Bibi, who is not related to Khan’s wife, said people have suffered greatly for the last two years. “We have really suffered for the last two years, whether it is economically, politically or socially. We have been ruined. I have not seen such a Pakistan in my life,” she said. Authorities have struggled to contain the protest-related violence. Six people, including four members of the security services, were killed when a vehicle rammed them on a street overnight into Tuesday. A police officer died in a separate incident. Dozens of Khan supporters beat a videographer covering the protest for The Associated Press and took his camera. He sustained head injuries and was treated in a hospital. By Tuesday afternoon, fresh waves of protesters made their way unopposed to their final destination in the Red Zone. Most demonstrators had the flag of Khan’s party around their shoulders or wore its tricolors on accessories. Naqvi said Khan’s party had rejected a government offer to rally on the outskirts of the city. Information Minister Atta Tarar warned there would be a severe government reaction to the violence. He said the government did not want Bushra Bibi to achieve her goal of freeing Khan. “She wants bodies falling to the ground. She wants bloodshed,” he said. The government says only the courts can order Khan’s release. He was ousted in 2022 through a no-confidence vote in Parliament. In a bid to foil the unrest, police have arrested more than 4,000 Khan supporters since Friday and suspended mobile and internet services in some parts of the country. Messaging platforms were also experiencing severe disruption in the capital. Khan’s party relies heavily on social media and uses messaging platforms such as WhatsApp to share information, including details of events. The X platform, which is banned in Pakistan, is no longer accessible, even with a VPN. Last Thursday, a court prohibited rallies in the capital and Naqvi said anyone violating the ban would be arrested. Travel between Islamabad and other cities has become nearly impossible because of shipping containers blocking the roads. All education institutions remain closed. Pakistan's Stock Exchange lost more than $1.7 billion Tuesday due to rising political tensions, according to economist Mohammed Sohail from Topline Securities. Associated Press writers Munir Ahmed in Islamabad and Asim Tanveer in Multan, Pakistan, contributed to this report.

Bryce Thompson scored 17 points and achieved a milestone as Oklahoma State defeated Miami 80-74 on Friday afternoon in a Charleston Classic consolation game in Charleston, S.C. Thompson made 6-of-14 shots from the floor, surpassing 1,000 points for his career at Oklahoma State (4-1), which also got 15 points from Marchelus Avery. The Cowboys won in large part thanks to their impressive 3-point shooting (10-for-22, 45.5 percent). Oklahoma State backup guard Arturo Dean, a Miami native, posted eight points and one steal. He led the nation in steals last season while playing for Florida International. Miami (3-2) has lost two straight games in Charleston, failing to take a lead at any point. They will play on Sunday against either Nevada or VCU. The Hurricanes on Friday were led by Nijel Pack, who had a game-high 20 points. Brandon Johnson had a double-double for Miami with 12 points and 10 rebounds. Matthew Cleveland scored 11 points and Lynn Kidd and Paul Djobet added 10 points apiece for Miami. Miami, which fell behind 7-0 in Thursday's loss to Drake, got behind 9-0 on Friday as Abou Ousmane scored six of his eight points. Oklahoma State stretched its lead to 18 before settling for a 43-27 advantage at the break. Pack led all first-half scorers with 10 points, but Miami shot just 29.6 percent from the floor, including 3-of-13 on 3-pointers (23.1). Oklahoma State shot 48.4 percent, including 8-for-15 on 3-pointers (53.3 percent) before intermission. The Cowboys also had a 14-8 edge in paint points. In the second half, Miami closed its 20-point deficit to 55-42 with 12:12 left. Miami got a bit closer as two straight short jumpers by Kidd, trimming the deficit to 73-62 with 3:25 to play. The Hurricanes cut it to 77-70 on Pack's 3-pointer with 34 seconds remaining, but the Cowboys hit their free throws to close out the win. --Field Level Media

Oklahoma State's 3-point accuracy sends Miami to defeatRaghupathy Honored for Work as PNT Technology Pioneer and Industry Innovator RESTON, Va., Nov. 26, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Arun Raghupathy, co-founder and Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of NextNav Inc. (Nasdaq: NN), a leader in next generation positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) and 3D geolocation, has been recognized by the University of Maryland's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) as a recipient of this year's Distinguished Alumni Awards. "I'm deeply grateful to my mentors and colleagues from the University of Maryland. Their support laid the foundation for my career and my work at NextNav,” Raghupathy said. "This recognition reinforces my commitment to pushing the boundaries of what technology can achieve.” The faculty at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering selected Raghupathy as an awardee for his outstanding achievements in his industry, and he was recognized in a recent ceremony that brought together industry leaders, faculty, and family to celebrate recipients' accomplishments. As CTO of NextNav, Raghupathy has spearheaded groundbreaking work, playing an instrumental role in the development and design of the company's technologies and innovative solutions. He oversees Systems, Algorithms, Hardware, Firmware and Software domains as head of Engineering, and his research has contributed to critical IP and system design for NextNav's suite of solutions with more than 50 issued patents. Prior to co-founding NextNav, he spent more than 10 years as a technology leader developing innovative ideas and helping produce commercial products at multiple technology companies. He was involved in technology development for cellular modems at Qualcomm, making key contributions to transmitter design, and he led the GPS Systems Team at Texas Instruments as a systems architect, where he created GPS measurement and positioning techniques used in multiple generations of smartphone multi-radio chipsets. Raghupathy attained his Ph.D in Electrical Engineering and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park with specialization in signal processing and communications. He was a member of nominator Dr. Ray Liu's Signal Processing Group, where he studied VLSI for signal processing and communications. Previously, he obtained a Bachelors of Technology in Electronics Engineering and Communications from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. About NextNav NextNav Inc. (Nasdaq: NN) is a leader in next generation positioning, navigation and timing (PNT), enabling a whole new ecosystem of applications and services that rely upon 3D geolocation and PNT technology. Powered by low-band licensed spectrum, NextNav's positioning and timing technologies deliver accurate, reliable, and resilient 3D PNT solutions for critical infrastructure, GPS resiliency and commercial use cases. For more information, please visit https://nextnav.com/ or follow NextNav on X or LinkedIn . Source: NN-FIN Media Contact: Howard Waterman [email protected] 917-359-5505