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As fans and supporters of both Xie Na and Chen Qiao En, it is important to understand and empathize with the challenges that individuals face in their personal and professional lives. While it is disappointing that Xie Na could not attend the wedding, it is crucial to remember that unforeseen circumstances can arise, leading to unavoidable changes in plans. The bond of friendship between Xie Na and Chen Qiao En remains strong, and their understanding and support for each other will undoubtedly endure despite this temporary setback.It was a typical afternoon when Sarah, a young woman in her mid-twenties, was waiting for a friend at a local café. As she sat engrossed in her book, she couldn't shake off the feeling of being watched. Glancing around discreetly, she noticed a man at the adjacent table holding up his phone in a suspicious manner, seemingly capturing her every move.The move to arrest a sitting president is unprecedented in South Korea's history and underscores the gravity of the situation. President Yoon, who was elected on a platform of anti-corruption and transparency, now finds himself at the center of a growing scandal that has rocked the political establishment. The decision to arrest him reflects a commitment to upholding the rule of law and ensuring that no one, regardless of their position, is above the law.The increase in the price of gold jewelry by 7 yuan per gram has sparked discussions among experts and analysts regarding the factors driving this sudden surge. Some attribute it to the weakening of the US dollar, others point to the uncertainty surrounding global trade tensions, and some believe it is a result of increased investment demand for gold. Whatever the driving forces may be, one thing remains clear – the gold market is experiencing a period of unprecedented growth and volatility.
In that moment, as father and daughter clung to each other in a bond of love and need, the true essence of family and sacrifice was laid bare. The daughter's desperate cry for help had been answered by the compassionate heart of a stranger, the traffic police officer who had gone above and beyond the call of duty to help a fellow human in need.India’s IT sector is one of the fastest growing industries in the country, contributing over 7% to India’s GDP, so much so that the sub-Saharan African countries look to follow its lessons to replicate India’s success in software exports. The performance-driven and high-paying nature of jobs in the IT sector make it a preferred career destination for millions of Indian youth. The job market in this industry is often touted as the epitome of skill-based meritocracy and inclusivity, with the social backgrounds of candidates playing no role in their hiring. What NSSO data show However, an empirical test of the inclusivity-promoting image of IT reveals a different reality. Analysis by the writers of this article based on household surveys by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) unravels stark caste-based disparities in employment probabilities and wage earnings in the IT industry, indicating that social inequalities are significantly alive in the job market. The study utilises two rounds of NSSO surveys: NSS 78th (2020-21) and NSS 68th rounds (2011-12), which are representative at the national level. The study’s sample comprises 29,289 individuals, with 20,437 drawn from the NSS 78th round and 8,852 from the 68th round for India. The variation in the selected sample size from the two periods is due to the variation in the overall sample covered under these surveys. The employment probabilities were estimated after controlling for observable factors that could influence the outcome variable. Industries that are dominated by the public sector were used as the benchmark in the probability estimation. The study finds that the probability of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) to be engaged in the IT sector is only 10% in comparison to upper castes (27%). The finding remains robust even after accounting for differences in educational attainment and other individual characteristics such as gender and regional background (rural and urban). Surprisingly, this disparity in employment probabilities has increased over time from 2011-12 to 2020-21, though both caste groups were at a relatively disadvantaged position in the first time period than the later period. In 2011-12, lower caste groups faced only 6% probability of being engaged in the IT sector as compared to 17% for upper castes. Thus, while the overall employment probabilities for engagement in the IT sector increased for both caste groups, the deficit of lower castes went up from 11% in 2011-12 to 17% in 2020-21. This suggests that as the IT sector grows, it fails to address or even acknowledge the social barriers that exclude marginalised groups. The study also reveals that even when lower caste groups manage to enter the IT job market, they face labour segmentation as reflected in caste-based disparities in wage earnings. SC and Other Backward Classes workers in the IT sector face negative wage differentials of 24.9% and 22.5%, respectively, as compared to upper caste workers, even after accounting for differences in educational attainment and type of employment (regular verus temporary). These findings align with the labour market segmentation theory, which predicts a division of the labour market into dualistic segments (lower and upper labour segments), with workers in the lower segment facing structural barriers in upward mobility. The findings indicate that lower castes are relegated to the lower segments of the job market, facing limited returns to private investments in education and skills. Gender inequality The labour market disparities in IT also affect other vulnerable sections, especially women. Female workers in IT earn 26.2% lower than males, irrespective of their caste, though their employment probabilities are closer to that of men. Labour market segmentation, particularly in a high-growth and high-paying sector such as IT, has far-reaching socio-economic implications. By systematically excluding a significant portion of the population, the industry not only sacrifices economic efficiency but also undermines social justice. Diversity in the workplace is widely seen as an important source of comparative advantage. According to a report by the International Labour Organization in 2022, higher levels of diversity at the workplace are associated with greater productivity and innovations. The Network for Business Sustainability (in Canada) reported that each 1% increase in racial diversity in upper and lower management is associated with a yearly firm productivity gain between $729 and $1,590 per worker. Yet, the Indian IT sector’s reluctance to embrace true diversity risks stifling its potential for sustainable growth. Further, it discourages the marginalised sections from investing in skill development, trapping them in a vicious circle of poverty. The policy steps needed Several policy steps are needed to address these inequalities. First, all companies should be required to publicly disclose their workforce diversity matrix, and make it public on their website. Such transparency can encourage accountability and motivate employers to prioritise diversity, without imposing specific quotas. Second, lower-caste entrepreneurs should be provided with greater incentives and training for entrepreneurship in high productivity sectors to boost their economic participation. Finally, bridging the skill gap among the marginalised sections can pave the way for a more equitable and inclusive job market. Irfan Ahmad Sofi is Assistant Professor, Economics, Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST), Kashmir. Santosh Mehrotra is Visiting Professor, University of Bath, U.K. Arun Kumar Bairwa is Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Management Amritsar Published - December 25, 2024 12:08 am IST Copy link Email Facebook Twitter Telegram LinkedIn WhatsApp Reddit IT/computer sciences / India / computing and information technology / software / exports / African Union / employment / social conditions / survey / Caste / gender / labour / poverty / economy (general)
As the ceremony progressed, participants took the opportunity to network and explore potential business opportunities within the barter trading ecosystem. The lively discussions and exchange of ideas underscored the vibrancy and dynamism of the industry, as well as the eagerness of stakeholders to seize the opportunities presented by the China International Barter Trading Center.
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